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Well, I actually agree. I am not advocating technology controls.
I am wondering if it would be useful for a technology to understand "Yes this is a Derivative work", but it seems to me that "derivative or not" must be a human input piece of metadata. Technology can't define a Derivative work.
However technology can determine if it is modified, and as such "Yes this is a modified work" could be a system generated piece of metadata.
Is it worth it to a content creator to know if content is modified or not?
All of those cases are clearly derivative works, except maybe image 3. The Creative Commons tends not to view a picture in a page of text as a derivative work, where as the Free Software Foundation (with the GNU Free Documentation License) believes that would constitute a derivative work. Which of them is right has yet to be seen, and would depend on the theories being tested in court. Or so I've been told.
I don't see how there's any question as to whether a cropped image is legally a derivative work. I think the real question you're asking is about transformative use. I think there's a strong argument that image 1 is transformative, whereas it would be harder to say the same about image 4. Image 3, if considered a derivative of the original, is also clearly transformative.
There is, however (at least in the US), a distinction between non-transformative and transformative derivative works.
From the link on Wikipedia, the way I read Transformative use would imply all of these images are transformative use. I too am no lawyer.
However, I am not trying to make a legal distinction. I'm more interested in content mark-up/metadata for content that is being reused. I think it is valuable to KNOW if a work I'm looking at is a derivative of another work. And although it may not be clear in my post, I'm trying to figure out:
1. If there are any hard rules for defining a work "Derivative". If so a system can define and then auto generate the metadata Work=Deriviative versus Work=Original. It seems to me that Derivative is likely a user generated field.
2. But there are easily defined rules for Modified work. However, is that useful metadata? Work=modified?